Lab Report Compound Pendulum in Different Medium Sample

Lab Report Compound Pendulum in Different Medium Paper Pendulum in different medium Rural Corselets Oasis Introduction An oscillating object is a mass that follows a pattern that causes the mass to return to its initial position after completing one complete oscillation in a constant certain amount of time. This experiment aims to show how the medium that a simple pendulum is traveling though affects the frequency of the pendulum. Research Question How does the medium that a simple pendulum is traveling though affect the frequency in the simple pendulum and how drastic is theta change? Hypothesis Based on what I know about traveling though different mediums the more optically denser medium will cause more resistance to the pendulum causing it to complete fewer cycles within one second then the less optically dense medium. Variables Controlled: * Length of string between the mass on the pendulum * Amount of medium * Height of pendulum * Degree the mass is lifted too * Mass of pendulums mamas * Weight of pendulums mamas * Start the time at the same time as dropping the mass * Contain only the medium being tested no other contents Independent: type of medium (air, water, classic coke, Faint, Sugar Water) We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report Compound Pendulum in Different Medium specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report Compound Pendulum in Different Medium specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Lab Report Compound Pendulum in Different Medium specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Dependent: (T) Time taken for Pendulum to stop at PEE. Materials * Clamp XSL * Stand for clamp XSL * Simple pendulum with a mass of egg XSL * Water tight box of the clamp stand CACM long*2. CM wide* 1 LLC high XSL Protractor XSL * Stopwatch XSL * Material needed to record data XSL * Water 1897. Ml * Ethanol mall * Sun Flower Oil mall * Fruit syrup 632. Ml Method 1. First set up the experiment, this requires you to fill the water tight box you picked out earlier with enough liquid to submerge the pendulum completely, to set up the pendulum, and to put together the compound pendulum on the lamp that will fit well with the water tight box, make sure that the pendulum will be completely submerged, also remember to make sure the syrup water is 50% water and 50% syrup. 2. You will also need to be able to find the density of all of the liquids. This can be done by finding the weight of 100 ml of the liquid in a jar then subtracting the weight of the jar. . Then place the pendulum in front of you and use the protractor to find 135 degrees from the top of the pendulum to the length of the pendulum, while holding only the mass on the pendulum to a 135-degree angle with the retractor starting O at the top of the pendulum. 4. Once you have set that all up and are holding the mass at a 135-degree angle get the stopwatch ready. 5. Then at the same time drop the pendulum from that 135-degree mark and start the stopwatch (try to make sure you drop the pendulum and start the watch at the exact same time as it is crucial to a fair test). . Keep timing the pendulum till it reaches PEE, then stop the stopwatch and write down what you got. Then do it once more in this same medium. You may test this as many times as possible but at least two. 7. Once you have the times written down get the box of liquid and place the pendulum in the water submerging it under the liquid, once you are going to change the liquid be sure to have the box that will contain the liquid to be clean before changing liquids (doing Syrup Water and anything containing sugar before water and ethanol will help clean the pendulum). 8. Once again redo step 2 through 5 for the next three liquids. You may test this as many times as possible but at least three. Remember this is being done for four more different liquids, which can be Ethanol, Water, Oil or Syrup Water. Results Raw data of the Oscillations of a Simple Pendulum in Different Mediums Types of Mediums I Trial one (cycles per 30 seconds) I Trial two (cycles per 30 seconds) I Air | 30 | 30 | water | 25 | 30 | Ethanol | 29 | 27 | Sunflower oil | 16 | 12 | Syrup Water | 22 | 20 | The data in this chart was found in order to get a close to accurate amount of cycles during a period of 30 seconds. It is the raw data that was taken from the experiment. Frequency of the Oscillations of a Simple Pendulum in Different Mediums Types of Mediums I Trial one (cycles per second) (Hertz) I Trial two (cycles per second) (Hertz) I Air | 1. 000 | 1. 000 Water | 0. 833 | 1. 000 | Ethanol | 0. 967 | 0. 900 Sun flower oil | 0. 800 | 0. 600 | syrup water 10. 733 1 0. 667 | Using the raw data to transform it into Frequency so that I can find the answer to my Research question. Dividing the number of cycles by the time spent recording the number of cycles helps u to find this. The Average Frequency of the Oscillations of a Simple Pendulum in Different Mediums Types of Mediums I Average Frequency (cycles per second) I Air | 1. 000 | Water | 0. 916 | Ethanol | 0. 933 | Sun flower oil | 0. 700 | Syrup water | 0. 00 | By adding the two trials then dividing by two because there are two trials you are able to find the average frequency. These results should be as close to accurate as we where able to find with the time and equipment that was available to us. Although there was many things that confused us during the experiment like how in liquid the pendulum acted very different from in air. This graph shows the difference in frequency in the liquids according to the data collected from completing the experiment in respect to the density and it shows how the change in density affects the frequency. There was a huge difference in the amplitude of the liquids and the air because the liquid did start at the same place as air, but we encountered the liquids to have critical damping. Also the water helped to push the mass to start moving again when the energy had traveled though the liquid and reflected back to the mass. The density doesnt seem to match up to the results that might mean that the density doesnt directly affect the frequency. Reliability While conducting the experiment we encountered a massive problem because we constantly noticed that critical damping accord and the mass would barely eve. Although the likely hood that the frequency changed due to this is very low although the wavelength was greatly affected. This critical damping could be the fault of the mass hitting the side of the thin container. Conclusion According to the results we can conclude that the density of the liquid doesnt directly affect the frequency. We cannot conclude the highest density liquid will cause the frequency of the pendulum to decrease. This doesnt support my hypothesis that the higher density mediums will cause more resistance to the pendulum and cause it to have complete fewer cycles within one second. My hypothesis worked in the same way as when you try to walk though a layer of water it become very hard as the water is pushing you back causing a change in frequency, but according to the results that isnt correct because the density doesnt seem to change anything. Evaluation The overall method of the tests where not completely reliable this is because of the critical damping found when the mass traveled though the liquid. One explanation for this is that the mass while traveling though the thin box the mass hit the side of the case because there was almost no room for the mass to ravel though liquid. We tried to counter this effect, but because of the qualities found in water the mass was attracted to the side and would continue to follow this process. To make this a reliable experiment we would have to use different equipment such as the high-speed camera and most importantly a container that is thicker then such a tiny space. The energy is lost because it is put against additional friction from hitting the side of the container, therefore it is proven that in order to complete a fair test the most be a replacement of the container used to hold the different mediums. The tests might not be 100% the added medium because it will always be mixed maybe very little but still be mixed with another medium, this could affect the accuracy of the experiment. Also using more tests will also help in crease the accuracy because then you find a more accurate average answer. Other then that all of the variables where controlled correctly, but that did not take away from the fact that the test was unreliable because of the critical damping. That shouldnt affect the frequency too much because frequency will always be fixed but the hitting could make a slight difference in the frequency.

Free Essays on Multicultural Education In America

Multicultural Education in America America has long been called "The Melting Pot" due to the fact that it is made up of a varied mix of races, cultures, and ethnicities. As more and more immigrants come to America searching for a better life, the population naturally becomes more diverse. This has, in turn, spun a great debate over multiculturalism. Some of the issues under fire are who is benefiting from the education, and how to present the material in a way so as to offend the least amount of people. There are many variations on these themes as will be discussed later in this paper. In the 1930's several educators called for programs of cultural diversity that encouraged ethnic and minority students to study their respective heritages. This is not a simple feat due to the fact that there is much diversity within individual cultures. A look at a 1990 census shows that the American population has changed more noticeably in the last ten years than in any other time in the twentieth century, with one out of every four Americans identifying themselves as black, Hispanic, Asian, Pacific Islander, or American Indian (Gould 198). The number of foreign born residents also reached an all time high of twenty million, easily passing the 1980 record of fourteen million. Most people, from educators to philosophers, agree that an important first step in successfully joining multiple cultures is to develop an underezding of each others background. However, the similarities stop there. One problem is in defining the term "multiculturalism". When it is looked at simply as meaning the existence of a culturally integrated society, many people have no problems. However, when you go beyond that and try to suggest a different way of arriving at that culturally integrated society, Everyone seems to have a different opinion on what will work. Since education is at the root o... Free Essays on Multicultural Education In America Free Essays on Multicultural Education In America Multicultural Education in America America has long been called "The Melting Pot" due to the fact that it is made up of a varied mix of races, cultures, and ethnicities. As more and more immigrants come to America searching for a better life, the population naturally becomes more diverse. This has, in turn, spun a great debate over multiculturalism. Some of the issues under fire are who is benefiting from the education, and how to present the material in a way so as to offend the least amount of people. There are many variations on these themes as will be discussed later in this paper. In the 1930's several educators called for programs of cultural diversity that encouraged ethnic and minority students to study their respective heritages. This is not a simple feat due to the fact that there is much diversity within individual cultures. A look at a 1990 census shows that the American population has changed more noticeably in the last ten years than in any other time in the twentieth century, with one out of every four Americans identifying themselves as black, Hispanic, Asian, Pacific Islander, or American Indian (Gould 198). The number of foreign born residents also reached an all time high of twenty million, easily passing the 1980 record of fourteen million. Most people, from educators to philosophers, agree that an important first step in successfully joining multiple cultures is to develop an underezding of each others background. However, the similarities stop there. One problem is in defining the term "multiculturalism". When it is looked at simply as meaning the existence of a culturally integrated society, many people have no problems. However, when you go beyond that and try to suggest a different way of arriving at that culturally integrated society, Everyone seems to have a different opinion on what will work. Since education is at the root o... Free Essays on Multicultural Education In America Multicultural Education in America America has long been called "The Melting Pot" due to the fact that it is made up of a varied mix of races, cultures, and ethnicities. As more and more immigrants come to America searching for a better life, the population naturally becomes more diverse. This has, in turn, spun a great debate over multiculturalism. Some of the issues under fire are who is benefiting from the education, and how to present the material in a way so as to offend the least amount of people. There are many variations on these themes as will be discussed later in this paper. In the 1930's several educators called for programs of cultural diversity that encouraged ethnic and minority students to study their respective heritages. This is not a simple feat due to the fact that there is much diversity within individual cultures. A look at a 1990 census shows that the American population has changed more noticeably in the last ten years than in any other time in the twentieth century, with one out of every four Americans identifying themselves as black, Hispanic, Asian, Pacific Islander, or American Indian (Gould 198). The number of foreign born residents also reached an all time high of twenty million, easily passing the 1980 record of fourteen million. Most people, from educators to philosophers, agree that an important first step in successfully joining multiple cultures is to develop an understanding of each others background. However, the similarities stop there. One problem is in defining the term "multiculturalism". When it is looked at simply as meaning the existence of a culturally integrated society, many people have no problems. However, when you go beyond that and try to suggest a different way of arriving at that culturally integrated society, Everyone seems to have a different opinion on what will work. Since education is at the roo...

Cultural compatibility Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Cultural compatibility - Essay Example Hofstede’s five-dimensional model of analyzing culture is crucial in evaluating the compatibility of Tesco with Tata. Tesco PLC is a multinational entity that deals with grocery and other types of Merchandise. The company has its beginning and headquarters in the UK, Europe. Jack Cohen, in 1919, established a chain of stalls that he later consolidated to form the first Tesco Company. Jack Cohen was so aggressive that he established 100 Tesco stores in the UK 20 years after the formation of the first stall. In turn, there seems to be a culture that Cohen instilled in his company. It is crucial to view the company as a Western cultural artifact because Europe is the embodiment of a typical Western culture. This culture has been shaped by key factors such as capitalism, industrialization, globalization, and wars. On the other hand, Maharashtra is a wealthy India’s state that entails a modernized economy. In spite of its major developments, the majority of the state’ s population are Hindus. Karnataka is relatively less wealthy but it entails a large percentage of Hindus. It is crucial to highlight that India’s culture heavily intertwines with the most dominant religion, Hinduism. This spectacle repeats in most Eastern cultures. Unlike the Eastern culture, the Western culture had long emerged from the Victorian principles that articulated distinct ways of lives. Instead, over time, individuals have embraced personal definitions of cultures that do not necessarily build from religious views.

Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 43

Discussion - Essay Example In addition, the student portal is a crucial place to visit regularly since I get updates and information about my current school grades for the past years and it is easy to note any changes on such grades. With the school email, regular access makes me remain updated on things like course soft copies and presentations as sent by respective teachers. If I were driven by fear of consequences, being informed through the school notice board, school email, and student portal would be to gain critical information like exams and other dates that would affect my course completion. For instance, missing on exam dates would result to facing disciplinary action or expulsion, which is a big blow to my education and good grades. I believe the drive by fear of consequences is the best option. The university has set clear rules on all assignments and coursework submission. Some of the consequences of course requirements include penalizing like in late or plagiarised assignments, likelihood of expulsion for failed submission without notice, and sanctioned for disciplinary action for repeated failure. Additionally, I have some self-set goals and objectives to assist me in attaining the best grades for my career. In this case, I have to pass in my entire course works for fear that they would lower my cumulative grade. For me, this would mean missing the career of my dreams while observing time and instructions in my course work would maximize my chances of attaining a high grade. I would also gain high confidence in all my work and this would instil a sense of problem analysis, and solving that would be useful even in my real life (ODonnell, Reeve and Smith 132). If I followed my sense of obligation, there are high chances of relaxing and not being so keen on time and coursework instructions especially where the tutor is not strict. This would also increase the possibility of losing my research skills and self-dependence, and

Analysis of Warmart annnual report 2009 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Analysis of Warmart annnual report 2009 - Essay Example Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. functions Wal-Mart discount stores, super-centers, local markets and Sams Club sites in the United States. The company also functions in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, India, Japan, Mexico, Nicaragua, Puerto Rico and the United Kingdom (Wal-Mart Issues 2009 Annual Report to Shareholders). According to Rob Walton, Chairman of the Board of Directors, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., the world requires a retailer that saves individuals’ money to provide them a better life. The director of the company is proud to know that millions of customers as well as the new ones are turning to them for their service. They are better placed than ever to meet the requirements of our consumers and members. Their approaches are distinctly defined and their management group is united and focused on distributing the best possible experience for customers and associates. The merchandising group functions with suppliers to guarantee value, diversity and quality. What works behind their success is the global price leadership position. They are much more committed to sustainability, liable sourcing and affiliate opportunity which creates a difference for them. Development opportunities keeps on emerging even in complicated business environments. Their major strength is their consistency which in turn helps them to maintain leadership. Mike Duke is committed to the values and goal that are Sam Walton’s birthright, in addition to the members, consumers and shareholders. Lee Scott, ex-CEO for nine years, assisted Wal-Mart to reach heights of sustainability, variety and inclusion of all individuals and helped the owners to engage with others on crucial issues like health care, and also supported to strengthen Wal-Mart’s status as a reliable and caring company. The management of Wal-Mart always tries to present its financial reports in a clear and

Causes and Solutions for Hurricanes

Causes and Solutions for Hurricanes In the south Pacific they are called cyclones. In the northern Pacific Ocean they are called typhoons. In the Atlantic Ocean areas they are called hurricanes. One thing is for certain in regard to these phenomenon, they can all be extremely dangerous. The only major difference between all of them is the locations in which they occur. For the purposes of this paper we will refer to the phenomena as hurricanes. The seasons for tropical cyclones vary depending on their location on Earth. Most tropical cyclones form between May to October but in the pacific there have been storms form as early as January. Hurricanes are some of the most powerful weather events on the planet. They can cause millions of dollars in property damage and have the potential to cause the loss of human life on a large scale. These monstrosities, especially in the Atlantic Ocean, can grow to enormous proportions and cover many square miles. These storms usually forms in the tropical regions of an ocean hence the name tropical cyclone. They are fast rotating systems that arecharacterized by low pressure centers, strong winds, and a spiral storms that produce heavy rains. They can produce winds in excess of 155 miles per hour and have been recorded gusting as high as 210 mph. Hurricanes require large bodies of warm water in order to form. There are seven different categories for â€Å"hurricanes.† The first category is a tropical depression in which winds are less than 40 miles per hour and there is no formed â€Å"eye† of the storm. They also usually lack the spiral shape of stronger storms, howeve r, they are still low pressure systems at this point. The next category is a tropical storm in which winds range from 40 mph to 73 mph. It is at this point when the storm begins to form its spiral shape and winds begin to move in a cyclonic motion. In a few instances the storm has actually formed an eye, although it is usually not very pronounced or developed. The next category is the first stage where a tropical cyclone officially becomes a hurricane or full tropical cyclone. The Saffir-Simpson scale is what is used to determine which one of the following categories a full hurricane falls into. The first is known as a category 1 storm where winds range from 74 mph to 95 mph and the winds can cause slight damage to well built homes and will likely cause power outages due to branches falling on power lines. Category 2 hurricanes have sustained wind speeds from 96 mph to 110 mph. In this category even well-built structures will sustained heavy roof damage as well as possible structura l damage. Power loss is almost certain to happen and stay out for days. Category 3 storms are the beginning of what are considered major hurricanes, meaning cyclones that are capable of causing massive damage and high loss of life. They have sustained winds from 111 mph to 129 mph. This is when many trees begin to snap and have the potential to turn into flying debris which can cause a large amount of damage to many of the buildings and windows. A category 4 storm has winds from 130 mph to 156 mph and will cause major damage such as total destruction of a building’s roof and possible full structural collapse. Large loss of life is expected during a storm as powerful as this. The final and most powerful classification of tropical cyclone is a category 5. These monstrosities have winds 157 mph and stronger. Damage should be expected to be widespread and utterly catastrophic. Power lines and other utilities are usually knocked out for weeks on end. This makes many rural areas un inhabitable for a decent amount of time. One of the most powerful storms ever recorded at landfall was Typhoon Haiyan which topped out at over 195 mph. This storm occurred in the Pacific Ocean near the Philippines. The loss of life was enormous killing almost 6300 people in the Philippines alone and as of 2014 they are still finding bodies. Another very powerful category 5 hurricane was Hurricane Andrew which made landfall in Florida as a category 5 and caused over 26 billion dollars in damage. One thing is for sure and that is that a tropical cyclone no matter what the category has the potential to cause major damage and can also cause loss of life. Many people do not heed the warnings when a â€Å"smaller† storm is approaching and they get caught in the path and ultimately lose their lives because of it. This is unfortunate, however, actions can be taken to prevent such things from happening. In recent years research has shown that with the warming of the earth tropical cyclones have started to produce more rainfall. In the past 100 years it has been determined that the warmer climate will produce an increase of 8% more water vapor for every 1 degree Celsius the temperature increases. More rainfall means a higher potential for flash flooding once the cyclone makes landfall which means more property damage as well as higher risk for loss of life Cyclone Ita is the most powerful storm to form in the southern Pacific Ocean in three years. The storm began around the Solomon Islands as a tropical depression on April 1st. It finally reached cyclone strength four days later. On the 10th it quickly gained strength to a category 5. It made landfall in the Cooktown/ Cape Flattery area in Queensland Australia on April 12th at 2200 (local time) as a category 4 storm. Upon Ita’s landfall the storm weakened very fast down to a category 1 storm. There was over $1 billion dollars in damage. One building was destroyed and 4 buildings were severely damaged in Cooktown. The damage also included large tracts of sugar cane and a banana plantation was completely destroyed. Cyclone Ita then began to move southeast maintaining gale-force winds the storm accelerated, eventually moving back to the ocean just north of a town called Mackay which is also in Queensland on April 13th. After it moved off of the land and back to the waters off the c oast it began to gain strength again as it combined with a low pressure system near New Zealand. It made landfall in New Zealand on the 17th of April and the inner eye wall collapsed which helped to dissipate the storm. The storm brought heavy rainfall and strong winds to the coast before finally destabilizing. The mitigation efforts taken by each area affected have their similarities as well as some differences. As the storm approached the Solomon Islands the authorities issued severe flood warnings along with cyclone watches. Many facilities in the area prepared for the worst by having backup plans in the event they were required to evacuate. The national hospital actually had to move over 500 patients to other areas due to the flooding that occurred. In Papua New Guinea, the National Weather Service issued tropical cyclone warnings for all island communities. It was decided that all schools and businesses were to remain closed for several days in Milne Bay and many of the residents were encouraged to stay safe indoors. Flooding did occur in this area as well and there was a bridge that was washed away. If the authorities had not issued the warnings to stay indoors and off the roads there may have been many more casualties. In Australia, the authorities issued cyclone warnings to all affe cted areas in an effort to minimize casualties since the storm was expected to be very strong at landfall. Due to the effectiveness of the pre-mitigation efforts there was minimal casualties. In the aftermath of this and other tropical cyclone events the best way to deal with all of the issues that arise is to have a well-known plan for emergency services as well as power companies. Hospitals should be prepared to receive many casualties like in the event mentioned earlier in the Solomon Islands. Emergency workers such as fire fighters and medical personnel must be available to Works Cited Hurricanes, Typhoons, Cyclones | UCAR University Corporation for Atmospheric Research. Hurricanes, Typhoons, Cyclones | UCAR University Corporation for Atmospheric Research. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 May 2014. Keegan, Bianca. Douglas and Cairns Shires on Tropical Cyclone Ita Alert as Storm Deluge Looms. CairnsPost. N.p., 10 Apr. 2014. Web. 08 May 2014. National Weather Service. National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office. Andrew. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 May 2014. National Weather Service. Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale. Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 May 2014. Queensland Surveys Cyclone Ita Harm. BBC News. N.p., 12 Apr. 2014. Web. 08 May 2014. Tropical Cyclone Ita. Weather Forecast Reports. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 May 2014. Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda). U.S. Agency for International Development. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 May 2014.

Language in Dante’s Inferno Essay -- Divine Comedy Inferno Essays

Language in Dante’s Inferno What happens to language in hell? In Dante’s Inferno, the journeying pilgrim explores language’s variations and nuances as he attempts to communicate with hell’s pitiable and sordid inhabitants, despite multiple language barriers and relentless cacophonies. Dante thematically unifies language’s inconsistencies in hell; that is, he associates the pilgrim’s abortive attempts to communicate with particular shades, and the incomprehensible languages and sounds that beleaguer him, with a symbol from Christian mythology: the Tower of Babel. Dante juxtaposes this Christian myth with Virgil’s symbolic association with elevated speech in the Inferno. Virgil functions as the pilgrim’s guide and poetic inspiration, and despite his position in hell as a pagan, Virgil still transmits divinely-inspired language to his pupil. Thus, notwithstanding his amorphous physicality as a shade in hell, Virgil represents lucidity and focused thought, which comf orts the pilgrim and provides a reprieve from hell’s dissonant sounds. Ultimately, the pilgrim’s relationship to language is multifarious: it enables the pilgrim to connect with Virgil and discover his place in the tradition of famous poets through divinely-inspired and intimate speech; yet, it isolates and horrifies him when it is incomprehensible, amplifying his individual suffering; thus, ultimately drawing him closer to his understanding of the shades’ own torture. Virgil’s enlightened language spawns partially from Beatrice, a divine inhabitant of heaven, who worries about the well-being of the pilgrim, and partially from his status in a long tradition of famous poets, beginning with Homer. Yet, despite Virgil’s association with enlightened and elevated ... ... His relationship to Virgil is enriched by their similar relationship to language as poets, and by the challenge of creating a poetic legacy on earth that counters the legacy of the tower of Babel in hell. Ultimately, the pilgrim’s desire reflects the reality of Dante’s own legacy, one that is immeasurably influential. Works Cited Alighieri, Dante. The Inferno. Vol 1. Trans. Robert M. Durling. New York: Oxford UP, 1996. Barolini, Teodolinda. Dante’s Poets: Textuality and Truth in the Comedy. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1984. Dronke, Peter. Dante and Medieval Latin Traditions. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1986. Durling, Robert M., Ronald L. Martinez. Notes. The Inferno. Vol 1. By Dante Alighieri. Trans. Robert M. Durling. New York: Oxford UP, 1996. Eco, Umberto. Art and Beauty in the Middle Ages. Trans. Hugh Bredin. New Haven, CT.: Yale UP, 1986.

Meaning of the term secular

In addition to this, the essay will address the debate of Indian's secularity. A brief history of Religion will be addressed, with reference to the work of E. B. Taylor, Emilee Druthers and Karl Marx. Some other questions which will be answered are why do sociologists study Religion', What role does Religion Play in the society', and ‘How does religion work to maintain solidarity among members of a society. ‘†Religion has convinced people that there's an Invisible man living In the sky. Who watches everything you do every minute of every day.And the Invisible man has a list will send you to a special place, of burning and fire and smoke and torture and anguish for you to live forever, and suffer, and suffer, and burn, and scream, until the end of time† (Carline, n. D. ). Hardball's and Healed, in Sociology: Themes and Perspectives, have explicitly stated that supernatural beliefs exist in all societies, including the primitive societies. Robertson states that religion â€Å"refers to the existence of supernatural beings which have a governing effect on life. This definition takes into account the fact that religion is not only a belief in the existence of supernatural elements, but also that these elements exert some degree of control over the lives of the people. The nineteenth century saw a rise in the study of religion as scholars began to question the origin and evolution of the same. Sociologists drew analogies based on Darning's Evolutionary Theory – they tried to trace the evolution of society and social institutions. Focusing on the work done by E. B.Taylor, the theory of Animism was an important contribution to the study of religion. Taylor believed that animism was the earliest form of religion. It refers to the belief in spirits. According to him, in order to make sense of events such as life after death or the composition of dreams, early philosophers conjured up the idea of the soul. The soul, in simple words, is a s pirit which is present in the body and gives it life. Once the idea of spirits was invented, it was applied not Just to man, but also animals and man-made objects.Thus â€Å"religion, in the form of animism, originated to satisfy man's intellectual nature, to meet his need to make sense of death, dreams and visions. † (Hardball's, Sociology: Themes and Perspectives, 1981) Sacred and Profane are two terms presented by Emilee Druthers in The Elementary Forms of Religious Life, and are the most instrumental elucidation of religion from a functional perspective. He stated that all societies divide the world into two disagrees, biz. , sacred and profane, and that religion is based upon this division (Hardball's, Sociology: Themes and Perspectives, 1981).Sacred refers to everything that is considered ‘Holy' by the people of the society. All sacred elements are treated with respect and are revered. The sacred element is a symbol- it is representative of something. However, the term sacred does not only apply to supernatural elements such as God or Angels. The term encompasses all elements in the society, tangible or non-tangible, that are considered holy. Thus a tree, rock, stone, etc. , may be considered sacred by a certain group of people. Profane covers all the elements of the society which, in simple terms, are not considered holy.This distinction formed the basis for Deuterium's analysis of religion. Based on his studies on Australian tribes, he developed the term totemic. He regards totemic as the most basic form of religion. A totem is a symbol, usually an animal or a plant, which is sacred to the tribe. For instance, in tribal India, the Gongs have a goat clan whose members look upon the goat as their totem because a goat which had been pilfered by their ancestors for sacrifice turned into a pig when the theft was discovered and thus paved the thieves from punishment.Like all functionalists, Druthers argued that social life would be impossible wi thout the presence of shared values and beliefs which form the ‘collective conscience'. This implied that without a collective conscience there would be chaos in the society. He thus stated that religion Religion has been defined with reference to the sacred rather than God because this makes social comparison easier. For instance, certain sects of Buddhism do not engage in a belief in God (Scott & Marshall, 1994). A contrasting view is observed in the Marxist theory.Karl Marx, the founder of the unionism, blatantly stated that religion is a farce- merely a crutch for the people, who look towards it to find inner peace and solace. He took this a step further and said that religion adds to the development of a false consciousness among the worker class, giving them the strength to cope with their exploitation, in hope of gaining a fruitful life after death, as a reward for their suffering. So, the workers view their exploitation as a natural order of life, and do not challenge their masters.Thus Marx called religion the ‘opium of the masses', holding it responsible for the exploitation of the workers by the capitalists. Various theories have been presented in order to understand religion better. The theories discussed above are only basics of the sociology of religion. The study of religion dates back to over a century, and there have been innumerable contributions to the field. The analysis of religion is a difficult and complex one, it requires increased knowledge of various social phenomena. In addition to this, I must emphasize on the necessity of subjectivity and neutrality in the study of religion.A researcher must not be biased against the particular religion or religions he/she is tidying. The researcher should assume a neutral attitude towards the research subject because his personal biases may affect the results and his conclusions. Therefore, it is important to note that sociologists study religion to understand how it affects the functi oning of society, and not to prove or disprove any of the doctrines. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Going back in history, to the Vivid period in India, Hinduism is considered to be the oldest religion which originated in northern India.Hinduism was the predominant religion during ancient India, and is responsible for shaping most of the classical and odder culture of India. Through the course of time, India faced a number of invasions from different directions, which consequently brought new and different cultures to India. These cultures consisted of different forms of art and literature, architecture, and especially religion. Every successful invasion of India brought along a wave of immigrants who, over a period of time, were accepted into the Indian society.This acceptance of different cultures led to extravagant changes in the Indian way of life. India is often regarded as the religiously most diverse nation to exist in the world. Contributing to around 17. 5% of the world's population( Census, 2011), India is home to a number of religions like Hinduism, Islam and Christianity, to name a few. In fact, some of the major World Religions, like Jansenism and Buddhism, originated in India. The East India Company was instrumental in the rise of Christianity in India.Initially, the Company's government did not allow Christian missionaries to operate in the nation, however, this ban was lifted according to the Charter Act of 1813 – the licensed missionaries were allowed to operate. This Act further assisted the spread of Christianity throughout India. Tate, India has seen the growth and development of major religions over the past decades. As discussed earlier, the countless number of invasions introduced new religions into India. Major religions such as Islam, Judaism and Christianity were propagated in this way.Statistics indicate the Hinduism is the third-largest religious community in the world after Christianity and Islam (PIT, 2012). Narrowing the field down t o India, Hinduism is the religion of the majority, and Christianity and Islam constitute the largest minority religions in the nation. According to the Census of India, 2001, of the total population 80. % are Hindus while Muslims comprise 13. 4 % and Christians 2. 3 % respectively. Roughly 828 million are Hindus while Muslims are approximately 138 million out of Indian's total population of about 1,029 million. Sikhs account for 1. Per cent of the total population. The share of Buddhists, Gains and other religions are 0. 8 %, 0. 4 % and 0. 6 % respectively (Sensualist, 2011). While writing the article Why India is not a secular state', Omar Khalid's', reinforces his argument that India is not a secular state in totality. The Oxford English Dictionary defines secular as something that is ‘ not connected with religious or spiritual matters'. So a secular state would imply a separation or distinction of the state from all religious matters. All affairs of the state would be carri ed out without any religious interference.This means that the state or government should not promote any religious groups or organizations. In this context, the constitution makers of India incorporated the word secular in the Constitution, but there have been innumerable arguments on whether ‘secular' is Just a word on paper, or whether secularism has actually been applied and adopted as a practice in India. Khalid's' has highlighted five areas where secularism has failed to come up to its expectations. As per the constitution, â€Å"Hindus shall be construed as including a reference to persons professing the Sikh, Gain or Buddhist religion† (India C. O. , 1949).The Hindu Marriage Act of 1955 applies,- (a) to any person who is a Hindu by religion in any of its forms or developments, including a Irishman, a Eliminating or a follower of the Brahms, Parthian or Array Assam; (b) to any person who is a Buddhist, Gain or Sikh by religion, and (c) to any other person domicile d in the territories to which this Act extends who is onto Muslim, Christian, Paris or Jew by religion, unless it is proved that any such errors would not have been governed by the Hindu law or by any custom or usage as part of that law in respect of any of the matters dealt with herein if this Act had not been passed. Act 25 of 1955) This means that officially there is no such thing as a Buddhist, Gain, or Sikh marriage, which is an additional endeavor to refuse other religions an idiosyncratic identity and absorb them into the Hindu category. The Office of the Registrar General that conducts the decennial census enumerates anyone who is not a Christian, Muslim or Paris as Hindu. (Khalid's, 2009) The freedom of religion is granted under Article 25 (1), of the Constitution.However, a Since then approximately seven state legislatures have agreed upon laws strictly putting a ceiling on conversions from Hinduism to other religions while aiding conversions to Hinduism. Christianity has been under constant fire for a long time now. These challenges that Christianity is faced with will be discussed in course of this essay. Thus we see certain legislative discriminations based on religion. Another area discussed by Khalid's is the Employment sector.He says that Article 16 (2) of the constitution prohibits discrimination in public employment based on religion, but there have been innumerable cases of discrimination. In a classic example where the Hindu culture has been infused in the Indian culture, the ban on beef took away the means of livelihood of a multitude of butchers and also the cheapest source of proteins for the poor. Agreed, the cow is sacred to the upper class Hindus, but this is not true for the Christians, Dalais and other groups. So we see another case of discrimination within the culture with a religious basis.India witnessed multiple massacres which were supported by the state, biz. , of Sikhs in 1984 and of Muslims in 2002. In both cases, the indivi duals in the highest position of the Executive branch of he government Justified the riots, namely, Rajah Gandhi after the assassination of his mother, and Neared Mood after the train was attacked in Godard killing 58 people. It is true that the plasticization of religion has been occurring, and innumerable legislations have been affected by this. Various political parties in India have been affiliated with different religions.Former Maharajah's Governor and Member of Parliament P C Alexander observed that plasticization of religion, caste and fragmentation of our society were posing a threat to national integration (NUN, 2007). Taking into consideration the fact that political parties have been flaunting their own religions, it is possible to say that these religious promotions by politicians have an adverse effect because they are indirectly encouraging communism. Followers of different parties may turn against each other and this may lead to communal riots.Khalid's hard-hitting o bservations were concluded with a final note- â€Å"For all these five reasons, India is not a secular state. It is in fact the defender of Hindu dharma. † (Khalid's, 2009) Turning the spotlight on Christianity in India, the first attempt to introduce the elision was seen when SST. Thomas visited India and was brought to the court of Gunpersons. As Stephen Neil has elucidated in A History of Christianity in India, Thomas was initially rejected and he later went on to South India, where he was successful in baptizing the higher class people.Neil has mentioned that Thomas first visited Monolayer on the Accordance Coast, and came across thirty-two village communities. It is notable that he concentrated on converting the higher castes first because the lower castes were bound to follow whatever the high castes indulged in. When the Portuguese arrived in India, they found that the Thomas tradition had been widely accepted. Francis Xavier arrived at Ago to find it almost a Christia n settlement, with seven churches and a set of clergy men. Stephen Neil has provided fitting geographical and statistical evidence to help analyze the arrival of Christianity in India.The following decades witnessed the colonization of India by the British. The However, conversions were not the only function these missionaries performed. Many reputable and important schools, colleges, hospitals and so on, were established with the help of the missionaries in India. Neil, 1984) The people of India also seemed to be accepting the Christian faith openly because it gave them a chance to escape the complex rituals that their original faith demanded. In totality, Christianity was being accepted, although forced conversions were still taking place.The post colonial period witnessed great growth of a number of religions, especially Christianity. The decision to name India a secular country encouraged this growth. Christian converts could rest assured that they would be safe in India. So, ov er the years Christianity kept on growing steadily, and today, it has established itself as one f the largest minority religions in India, although, the question that arises is, has Christianity really been completely assimilated with the Indian society. RESEARCH METHOD Taking on a rather rudimentary form of investigation, I have collected information based on interviews with individuals.The main questions I asked them were: 1. Their views on acceptance of Christianity in India 2. Their personal understanding of the term ‘Secular' 3. Whether they think that India is a secular state in practice 4. What according to them are some of the challenges faced by Christianity A total of 45 people were interviewed, individually, and in groups. The questions were posed formally, but responses were more or less informal, and based on the ensuing discussions, I have formulated an average of their opinions and reached certain conclusions.AAA majority of the sample was not completely aware o f the meaning of the term secular. On being given the actual meaning and definition of the term, 57% of the people stated that India does not seem to be a secular country. 36% said that they thought India was indeed a secular state, and the remaining 7% did not have an opinion. Now, based on some preliminary research, I have concluded that Christianity s a religion has undergone a number of phases of maturity and is developing from a fledgling to a fully grown bird. However it is facing a number of challenges which is hindering this development.A majority of the sample referred to the persecution and arrests of Christians in Arioso and Kashmir as basis for their above view. People have seen this as a manifestation of the insecurity faced by Hinduism. The increasing speed at which people are converting to Christianity is alarming for the devout Hindus, and that is why they are resorting to extreme means such as these. As far as he assimilation of foreign religions into mainstream Ind ian life goes, Christianity has done pretty well, although, there has always been the case of forced conversions.However, it is important to note that Christian missionaries have contributed to the development of society in a number of ways. The benefits that these missionaries bestow upon the nation cannot be denied. It is, after all, a part of their way of life to take care of people. Studies have also indicated that missionaries have played a role in combating various cases of substance abuse. Moving to the secularity of India, I house of parliament, Meter Kumar. At a large gathering at the prestigious Cambridge University in England she said, † there is no room for religious politics in the world's largest democracy.

My Handsome Boy Named Scooter

My Handsome Boy Named Scooter Judith A. Bell ENG 121 Thomas, Cooper December 2, 2012 One gorgeous summer day, I decided to stop in our local Humane Society and peep in on the new dogs. It was love at first site, my handsome boy Scooter sat in the corner of the last cage I peered in. Our eyes met and we both knew he was coming home with me that very day. I put a brand new bright neon green collar and leash on him as if he and I were pro’s, it fit perfectly. I then knew we were off to a beautiful start of our relationship. I just knew we were going to become the best of friends forever.On the car ride home, he sat so adorable in the seat next to me. We both were so excited to get home, we could barely wait. It felt like we were on pins and needles all the way there. After arriving to Scooter’s new forever home, I immediately went to work on setting up the house for a puppy. Laying down puddle papers, food, and water down in certain spots is necessary. So, He could easily get used to his surroundings. He could even tell me from the start, with his amazing nose, where I put his treats. He put his front paws on the cabinet and started barking.The next day, we went out in the back yard to let Scooter experience the alluring long bladed grass. He ran and ran until his itty bitty body was plum wore out. He slept like a newborn baby that night, and from that point on, every night in his bed witch was as soft and plushy as mine. Another morning, Scooter awoke with a blissful look on his face, so I decided to capture the moment and go for a peaceful bike ride. The next thing I know, I hear a yelp like I have never heard before. He somehow got his cute little nose/mouth in the spokes.I immediately saw bright red blood, so we rushed off to the animal hospital. The vet took a look at Scooter; he then turned to tell me he lost two teeth. I felt terrible and started to cry. That’s when the vet whispered, Scooter will be just fine. I was so elated, and read y to go home. After a few months of pure bliss for us both, Scooter started running out of our yard to chase cars going by. The next thing I heard was an extremely high yelp again. A small orange as the sun, car hit my handsome boy. I tried to scoop him up to see how horrific his wounds were.I became very upset at what I saw, his back left leg was terribly hurt and that familiar smell of blood was present. This time Scooter needed stiches and a cast. The vet again whispered to me, he is a very luck boy, and must have nine lives. And again we returned home to recover from his wounds. He never has gotten the full use of his leg back since. Right away, my husband put a fence up around our whole five acres. Now that a few years have gone by my handsome boy is slowing down. He uses three legs as if he was born that way.This just shows me, that no matter how bad things can get, we can overcome anything but death. And, my handsome boy and I will be there for each other, for the rest of our lives. `All in all, my handsome boy Scooter has gone through terrible accidents, but I will always treat him as if he is my child. I rescued him, and I will continue to cherish and love every moment we have together. I recommend that everyone should adopt at least one dog in their lifetime. There will never be a dull moment, and the love you exchange is unbelievable. My handsome boy Scooter will hold a piece of my heart forever.

A Study of Prejudice in Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird Research Paper Example

A Study of Prejudice in Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird Research Paper Example A Study of Prejudice in Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird Paper A Study of Prejudice in Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird Paper Essay Topic: A Woman Killed With Kindness Literature To Kill a Mockingbird We see in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee an assortment of racial, social, religious and gender prejudice. The narrative is set in the small town of Maycomb, located in Alabama. The era is the early 1930s, a very prejudiced time in the southern states of America. This period of history was also the time of the Great Depression that occurred due to the Wall Street Crash in 1929. This novel is based upon a court case of a black man that is accused of the rape of a white woman. This tale is split up into two different parts. Part one introduces the main characters and portrays the several different prejudices which they both feel and experience. The second part of this novel presents the case of Tom Robinson, the black man. To Kill a Mockingbird focuses predominantly on the subject of racial prejudice throughout its entirety. There were an excessive amount of prejudice people at this time in the southern states. The Civil War ended in 1876, giving the blacks their deserved freedom from slavery. Even though the war had come to a close so long before the story takes place, in the 1930s, racial tension is still very high. There is strain between the blacks and the whites because the blacks legally are not subject to the whites anymore, yet the whites do not want to change their ways of living above the blacks, with the blacks under their authority. Even the small town of Maycomb was greatly overruled by the prejudices of whites; Atticus, his family, and Miss Maudie, are shown as the only unprejudiced people throughout the whole of the Maycomb County. Mr Ewell, the man who accuses Tom Robinson of raping his daughter, is by far the most prejudiced man in the whole novel. We see this right after the trial when Bob Ewell stops Atticus on the post office corner, spits in his face and says, according to Miss Stephanie Crawford, Hed get him if it took the rest of his life. The reader might consider that this doesnt show prejudice, but we see that throughout the novel Bob Ewell hates the unprejudice white people like Atticus. We see later on in the book that Tom Robinson is probably innocent and falsely accused. Because of Mr Ewell accusing Tom and causing his conviction, this eventually brings about the death of Tom. The black community is presented throughout the story in a very positive light. The Finchs maid is a loving, tender-hearted woman, who cares for Jem and Scout, bringing them up as if they were her own children, disciplining them at appropriate times, and giving them a mothers love. Tom Robinson is a very hard-working family man, praised by his employer, that That boys worked for me for eight years and I aint had a speck o trouble outa him. Not a speck. His kindness is shown in his feelings for Mayella Ewell, he felt right sorry for her. After the trial, when Calpurnia brings Atticus into the kitchen the next morning, the kitchen table was loaded with enough food to bury the family, brought by the black community, because they preciate what you did, Mr Finch. Gender prejudice is focused on in this book a great deal less than racial prejudice. Gender prejudice is defined as attributing certain characteristics to one sex or other which is not based on reason or experience. Jem told me I was being a girl, that girls always imagined things. We see that women were treated more as servants and maids than as wives and helpers in the 1930s. They were not allowed to sit on a jury because they were considered too frail. At the beginning of the book, Scout relates, I sat at the little table in the dining room; Jem and Francis sat with the adults at the dinning table. Scout feels that Aunty dislikes her because she isnt enough of a lady. We believe Scouts aunt is unreasonable in her demand on her to sit alone, because at such a young age it is abnormal for a young girl to sit still and try to be a lady. Throughout the novel, Scout is constantly embarrassed by, or embarrasses her aunty because of her continuous tom-boy attitude. The second strongest discrimination that is shown in this story is the social prejudice of Maycomb County. The Ewells are perceived as low down people, because they are poor and dirty and never going to school. They are despised by the middle class almost as much as blacks of Maycomb. Another poor family that is depicted, is the Cunninghams. When Walter Cunningham comes over for dinner, he poured syrup on his vegetables, and meatand probably would have poured it into his milk glass if (Scout) hadnt asked him what the sam hill he was doing. The book displays the Cunninghams as honest and upright people, they never took anything they couldnt pay back but because of their poverty they are looked down upon in the society. One of the Cunninghams sat on the jury during Tom Robinsons trial, in the beginning he was rarin for an outright acquittal. The Radleys, Jem and Scouts next door neighbour, have a son named Arthur Radley but all the children in the neighbourhood call him Boo. There is social prejudice shown here, in that he is not accepted because he is different from most people. The reason the children call him Boo is because for years time no one had seen him and the kids imagined him to be a ghost. There was a incident when Boo was thirty years of age he stabbed his father in the leg with a pair of scissors. Boo was imprisoned in the basement of the county jail until one day his father took him home and he was never seen again. Inside the house lived a malevolent phantom Any stealthy crimes committed in Maycomb were his work. The pecans from the Radley tree fall into the school yard, but they lay untouched because Radley pecans would kill youfolks say he pizened em and put em over on the school side of the fence. This shows how intolerant the county is against Boo, just for one crime he is sent to jail and is never seen again after his father takes him home. No one really knows Boo Radley but he is suspected by all that he is a crook and a killer. This is displayed, one September afternoon, Scout nearly smashes a roly-poly but is stopped by her brother. She asks, Why couldnt I mash him? Jem says, Because they dont bother you. Jem is learning to empathize with others, including Boo. You can shoot all the blue jays you want, but it is a sin to kill a mockingbird. Atticus told the children when they received air rifles. Miss Maudie explained Your father is right, mockingbirds dont do one thing but make music for us to enjoy. They dont eat up peoples gardens, dont nest in corncribs, they dont do one thing but sing their hearts out for us. That is way its a sin to kill a mockingbird. Mockingbirds here symbolize both Tom Robinson and Boo Radley. These two persons are harmless to society, yet because of the time and age, they are looked down upon and despised. This is the real sin, because they are not only harmless, but defenceless. Religious prejudice plays a small part in the book, when Cal, the familys black maid, took the children to a black church named First Purchase African M.E. Church. There was a big, tall Black woman called Lula and she objected to Cal bringing Scout and Jem to the black church. Lula wants to know why you bringin white chillum to a nigger church. This shows that the churches are segregated from each other, and that the Black church does not accept white people and the white church does not accept the Black people. We see later on that the children are asked to stay; this is because their father Atticus is not prejudiced and is defending Tom Robinson. The discrimination and intolerance that Harper Lee is really trying to expose is racial prejudice. This book has caused millions of people to consider the effect that racial prejudice really has. Tom Robinson is killed trying to escape from jail, because although Atticus proved that he was innocent, the jury still convicted him. The story ends with Boo finally coming out of his house, to save Jem and Scout from Mr Ewell, who tries to kill them, showing the children that the way that had imagined Boo was wrong. Over-all, this book teaches everyone something important about prejudice and how to live in the world today.

Drinks Market and Smoking Ban Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Drinks Market and Smoking Ban - Case Study Example It also focuses on the impact ban on smokers has on the cider market in UK along with the impact of the reduction of duties on the ciders. The UK retains relatively high levels of alcohol consumption. Historically, the country has been associated with brewing and distilling, the drinking of bitter in pubs and the consumption of whisky, a product historically tied in to Scotland. The trend for young people in their twenties to feel they can get drunk is being followed by teenagers who generally take an inspiration from the older people. (ICAP, 2007) This has resulted in more number of cases on 'binge' drinking - getting drunk more number of times within a very short time. The media suggests that this has been the main reason behind the increase in number of crimes at night. It is worth mentioning that studies show that of the people indulging in crimes at night, 80% of the cases were said to be committed by people between the age group of 20 and 30. When a bartender was asked about the increase in the drinking habits among the youth, he said, "'There's always someone asking for "one more bottle". Also the fact that publ ic transport in many places stops just before midnight, so if they miss the last bus (costing say 1.50), they'll have to get a taxi (costing say 10), so they feel that it is better to spend money on drinks rather than on the expensive taxi." Philip, from Kidderminster, commented "I like drinking beer because there are many different types of traditional British beer to try and also as it is nice to meet up in a pub with friends." These factors, coupled with the lethargic attitude of the government of UK have led to boost of sales of not just Magners, but other brands as well. Coming to the laws laid out by the Government, which say that serving alcohol should be stopped at 11 PM. All these factors have been immensely helping the brands to execute their strategies and tap the markets. In fact, the brands have been focusing on aggressive promotions in places close to various universities, which have been severely criticized by eminent educationists who feel that this could increase the crime rates in the universities. The Government too has come under severe criticism for remaining as a mute spectator to all this. Hence, it can be inevitably said that the above-mentioned factors did go a long way in making the most by the brands, who've always considered youth centric places as demographic markets, which needed to be tapped appropriately. The success of Magners clearly illustrates as to how successful marketing campaigns coupled with aggression can boost the overall performance and growth of a firm. The television advertisements of the brand have been described as the marketing success of the decade and more and more people shower

Korean War (Truce Talks and POWs) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Korean War (Truce Talks and POWs) - Essay Example Both sides waged a protracted conflict for over 4 years during which the frontlines kept shifting to and fro. The advance of the US to the Chinese border alarmed the latter to such an extent that it forced Chinese forces to intervene directly into the conflict. Sensing an opportunity, the Soviet Union agreed to the request of Zhou Enlai and provided support in the form of military hardware and logistics. Despite numerous difficulties and overstretched supply lines, the Chinese fought a prolonged campaign. For its part, the US was successful in inflicting numerous casualties on the Chinese and North Korean side, but was unable to force them to the negotiating table. Both sides gradually realized that it was impossible to dislodge the other and began contemplating negotiations. Initial negotiations began in 1951 and continued up to the day of the armistice agreement in 1953. Both sides engaged in combat alongside as a way to force the other to agree to their terms or soften their stand . Despite being technologically advanced, the allied could not consolidate their initial gains and were pushed back time and again past the infamous 38th parallel line. There were also major issues with repatriation of PoWs (Prisoners of War). While the Communist North wanted total repatriation of their soldiers, the allies insisted on leaving the ultimate decision to the PoWs themselves. Forceful tactics including bombing of Pyongyang could not force the North Koreans to scale down on this issue. For its part, the North Koreans also engaged in frequent smear campaigns against the US and accused it of trespassing the De-militarized zone (DMZ) by complaining to the United Nations. North Korea held over 15,000 PoWs while the Allies held over 15,000 PoWs consisting of North Korean and Chinese soldiers. While there is clear evidence that the allies treated their PoWs in a fair manner, the North Koreans on the other hand perpetrated massive war crimes on their prisoners. Apart from confi ning them in overcrowded camps under inhospitable conditions, the Communists also tortured and executed many of their prisoners. Allied PoWs were also starved besides being brain washed with Communist ideologies. While almost all of North Korean PoWs were repatriated after the armistice agreement, less then 10,000 allied prisoners ever made out of North Korea. The agreement has only resulted in a ceasefire, which has remained in existence ever since. Both nations continue to exist in a state of war with the border (DMZ) evolving into one of the most heavily militarized zones in the world. While South Korea has developed rapidly into a capitalist economy, North Korea has relegated into a secluded nation that depends extensively on material aid from China to feed its population. Both continue to engage in smaller skirmishes with frequent exchange of fire on a daily basis, thus keeping the situation